Non-malificence | Do not harm yourself or other people |
Beneficence | Help yourself and other people |
Autonomy | Allow rational individuals to make free and informed choices |
Justice | Treat people fairly: treat equals equally, unequals unequally |
Utility | Maximize the ratio of benefits to harms for all people |
Fidelity | Keep your promises and agreements |
Honesty | Do not lie, defraud, deceive or mislead |
Privacy | Respect personal privacy and confidentiality |
Whereas a knowledge of these principles and
the method of their application is desirable in avoiding behaviour in contravention
of these principles
Whereas a process of moral reasoning should be
employed as a guide to behaviour that best implements a balance of these
principles
Whereas in this process all the available relevant
information should be sought and utilized
Whereas a common observance of these principles
is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge
It is therefore here stated
This Universal Statement of Moral Obligations as a common guide to behaviour for all peoples in all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Statement constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these Obligations, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance.
Article 1
All human beings are obliged with the responsibility to act in accordance with a balanced consideration of all moral principles, seeking to fulfil each of the principles to the maximum degree warranted by circumstances, in a spirit of brotherhood
Article 2
Everyone is obliged to act reasonably in accordance with the moral obligations set forth in this Statement without exception of any kind with respect to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Article 3
The administration of justice requires an obligation to obey the law. Laws should not violate any reasoned and balanced interpretation of moral obligations formulated in accordance with this Statement. If any law is reasonably considered to pose such a violation, it is the duty of everyone to seek to change that law in accordance with the lawful means provided. Only in exceptional circumstances, determined by clear and unequivocal imperatives implied by conformity with these obligations, should any law be disobeyed.
Article 4
The moral obligations and practices implied by belief in any particular religion should not be considered to precede, override or surpass a balanced interpretation of the eight moral principles set forth in this Statement.
Article 5
Where contradictions occur in the simultaneous fulfilment of different moral principles, such that one of more the principles is violated, it must be reasonably demonstrated that exceptional circumstances prevail, necessitating the violation of that principle or principles in favour of other principles.
Article 6
All relevant information necessary for the conduct of moral decision making in accordance with this Statement should be provided and not unnecessarily withheld from those who would benefit from such information.
Article 7
It is an obligation of those in positions of power and authority over others not to exploit their power and authority for personal gain, nor use it in favour of any particular religion, in violation of the intentions of this Statement.
Article 8
Parents have an obligation to their children to educate their children the principles or moral behaviour and reasoning set out in this Statement and to provide by their own conformity with these principles an example that their children may follow.
Article 9
The obligations of beneficence, non-malificence and justice set forth in this Statement, imply a duty to our children and to future generations, to respect nature and the environment.
Article 10
An individual's autonomy regarding choice of attire should be exercised with regard to the situation in which the attire is to be worn and in accordance with the principles set forth in this Statement.
Article 11
Acts of a sexual nature should be conducted in private between consenting adults in accordance with the principles and articles set forth in this Statement.
Article 12
It is an obligation of all people and authorities to respect and honour the individual human rights as set out in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In relation to the freedom of thought, conscience and religion therein declared, the universal moral principles here declared, in particular those relating to autonomy, justice and honesty, evaluated in the light of all scientifically verifiable information, shall prevail over any right implied by the freedom of religion.
Explanatory notes:
The preamble and proclamation are derived in similarity to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. Articles 1 and 2 are based on UDHR 1 and 2.
Article 3 is intended to correspond with legal considerations specified
in UDHR 6-11. Article 4 implies priority over religiously derived morality.
Articles 5 and 6 relate to method of implementation of the eight moral
principles. Article 7 is directed against corruption and the interference
of religion in politics. Article 8 is directed against religious indoctrination.
Article 9 expands the notion of "people" referred to in the preamble to
include future people. Article 10 is meant to suggest that the principles
of autonomy and privacy, for example, and respect for the utility of others,
should be exercised when deciding to wear, for example, a bikini or a burka
in a bank. Article 11 is intended to suggest that sex should be conducted
with regard to fidelity, honesty and privacy, and should be limited to
adults. Article 12 links obligations to rights of the UDHR and clarifies
the contradiction in UDHR 18.
This is a draft paper prepared by John
L Perkins
Uptated January 2004. Please direct comments to the author.
Background
paper